What do food science students study? Let's start with a Twinkie.
Someone, somewhere had to design that Twinkie. Someone had to find
a food people would like, then design it. They had to make the cake spongy
and the filling creamy. If it's too dry, no one will eat it. If it's too wet,
it will seep through the cake.
And have you ever noticed that every Twinkie is exactly alike? You never
get one that's a little more brown than others, or has less filling, or is
undercooked. Someone makes sure every Twinkie looks and tastes exactly like
every other Twinkie.
Then someone has to figure out the nutritional value of the Twinkie --
such as it is -- so they can put it on the package. And someone has to design
the production unit so you can make thousands upon thousands of identical
Twinkies safely -- without bacteria, mold or any other kind of spoilage.
Then someone has to figure out the best way to preserve Twinkies so that
they last a long time on the shelf.
Someone even looks at that Twinkie and wonders, "Can I make it fight disease?
Can I add ingredients to it to make it healthier?"
Every one of these people is a food scientist.
What They Do
Any food on store shelves arrived there with the help of food scientists.
They design foods, create production lines, oversee health and safety of foods
and figure out how to package them. Even foods like vegetables and meat need
food scientists to make sure they get to your table fresh and unspoiled.
They do research and development where they develop new products, or improve
existing products. That can mean designing a Twinkie, making a low-fat Twinkie,
or designing a Twinkie with extra vitamin A in it.
Developing new food products may sound like the fun part of being a food
scientist, but it's one of the toughest. They work very closely with the marketing
people. But the success ratio is very low for new products. So after months
or even years of development, a food scientist's new formulation may fail
in the marketplace.
The next thing they do is quality control (QC) or quality assurance (QA).
This means making sure every product that goes out the door meets the standards.
It's the QA people who make sure every Twinkie looks and tastes exactly like
every other Twinkie.
Part of QC means making sure the production line is putting out safe foods.
The food scientist has to make sure food isn't contaminated, even accidentally.
He or she constantly tests products as they come off the line.
Food scientists figure out how to produce foods in mass quantities. They
work with engineers to create a production process that is fast and guarantees
safety and freshness. They also have to figure out the best ways to package
the food so it stays fresh and untainted all the way to your table.
Hot Areas in the Field
While traditional fields in food science still exist, there are new trends
making headway. One of the new trends is functional foods. You've already
probably seen functional foods on store shelves -- products that boast of
beta carotene or other substances that may improve health, lower cancer rates
or improve your cholesterol levels.
Food scientists are seeking to test and substantiate these claims, then
develop foods with these substances in them. In fact, today's demand for healthier
food has opened a world of opportunities. Just ask professor Doug Goff.
Goff and his research team have fortified milkshakes, puddings, ice creams
and other dairy products with dietary fibre made from soy and flaxseed to
make them healthier.
Goff's discovery is one example of how a food scientist can take an everyday
food and make it better.
Mark McLellan, dean for research and director of Food Science at the University
of Florida, gives another example. He cites recent studies that prove folic
acid in a pregnant woman's diet decreases spinal cord defects in babies. As
a result, food scientists are now creating foods higher in folic acid, he
says.
Food scientists are also involved in creating foods capable of fighting
disease. "Food and nutrition have always overlapped, but increasingly so as
we seek diet-related help in combating metabolic diseases, such as cardiovascular
and heart diseases, diabetes, some cancers and obesity," Goff says.
Lisbeth Truelstrup Hansen is a food science professor. She predicts the
demand for functional foods will continue. "And this will create jobs in the
government research arm."
The New World of Food Safety
Another growing sector in the field of food science is food safety. Today's
news is filled with stories of foods being tainted with bacteria, such as
E. coli and salmonella.
The role of a food scientist is to ensure that the foods we eat are safe.
This includes foods made in North America as well as those made overseas,
says McLellan. "Consumers are used to a cleaner food supply," he says.
New, powerful strains of bacteria are causing food scientists to search
for new ways of handling and processing foods to make sure it's safe to eat.
There is also new concern about possible terrorist attacks on the food supply.
Unfortunately, bioterrorism is a reality, says McLellan. Tomorrow's food
scientists will play a lead role in ensuring the safety of our food, he says.
"Regulations, especially food labeling, are increasingly important." That's
according to Dr. Barbara Blakistone, director of scientific affairs of the
National Fisheries Institute. "Food safety now has several aspects. It's not
just microbiology but also anti-terrorism and/or anti-counterfeiting. These
areas are not new, but have taken on new importance."
That cliche "think globally" really applies today, she adds. Food scientists
are not just making food for North America. Canadians and Americans have a
myriad of ethnic backgrounds that must be considered, and food companies prepare
food for international consumption.
An Untapped Field
While opportunities abound, many food scientists often stumble on their
career by chance. Many university students tend to find it by way of elective,
as was the case with Hayley Rutherford.
When Rutherford entered university, little did she know she would become
a food scientist. At the time, she didn't even know that such a career existed.
Enrolled in an arts and science program, she took an elective on food engineering
and was hooked immediately. "I fell in love with food science," says the new
graduate. She is now a second-year master's student and volunteers with a
national institute of food science and technology as one of their national
student affairs co-chairs.
Rutherford's relationship with food has changed since her studies began.
"Everything I pick up at the grocery store has suddenly become a lesson. I
can't buy a banana without wondering what gas atmosphere conditions it was
transported under," she says.
"Once you're in the know, you can't escape food science. People have the
right to safe, quality food and they have the right to understand exactly
how it got to their table."
Rutherford looks forward to pursuing a lifelong career in the field. "Food
science can take you many places because food touches every part of our society.
The food science community in both academia and industry is full of awesome
people with passion and imagination.
"And as an added bonus, you do a lot of interesting eating and eating free
meals."
Valerie Massel took a similar path. The master's student in food science
wasn't sure what she wanted to do when she started university. But when she
looked into a food science program, she was intrigued by the interesting courses
it offered, such as dairy science and food chemistry.
Massel feels confident about her future. "As living beings, we will always
need food, and consumers are becoming more interested in what they eat, so
I figured it would be a good industry with many job prospects."
Education and Beyond
To be most marketable, today's food scientists need at least a master's
degree, says McLellan. He adds that topping that up with a minor in something
like business, marketing or law, will offer a lot of potential for growth.
A master's in food science is also a portal to medical school, he says,
as food scientists have an understanding of the science behind food and how
it impacts human health.
"Food science has always been multidisciplinary," he says. "The need to
be flexible is very important."
Today's food scientists work with a variety of sectors. For example, they
may need to talk to someone in marketing about how to sell a product, to chemists
about the structure of a food or to lawyers about the legal issues surrounding
food safety. "This creates a very challenging matrix," McLellan says.
Blakistone also recommends a minor in another field, such as marketing
and communications. "Give some serious thought to your minor. I think a minor
in a completely different area will make you more employable and will increase
your diversity of experiences."
The Seeds to Succeed
With so many choices, Massel is at the point where she must pick a path.
"There are many sides to the food industry: bakery, dairy, meat, beverage,
raw ingredients, processing, quality control, product development," Massel
says. "I feel that the main challenge is deciding what area to focus on."
There are also different routes one can take to become a food scientist.
"Food science remains an interdisciplinary field," says Blakistone. "Every
day you will need to know some chemistry, biology, nutrition, microbiology
and packaging. If you like the broad perspective, food science may be for
you."
As long as we continue to buy food -- from vegetables to Twinkies -- the
need for food scientists will never wane.
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